At the heart of Graham’s Vintage Ports are the wines from the company’s famed Quinta dos Malvedos.  Acquired in 1890, it is acknowledged to be one of the Upper Douro’s finest vineyards.

Terroir

Quinta dos Malvedos is situated in the Upper Douro region near Tua, between Pinhão and the Valeira dam, on the north bank of the Douro River, in an area known for its consistent climate.  Its vineyards are predominately south facing, ensuring prolonged exposure to the sun and excellent ripening of the grapes, though the undulations of the hills and valley create a range of microclimates and exposures.  Altitudes run from 130 metres near the river front up to 350 metres and the 15 year annual average rainfall at the Quinta is 606 mm. The soil’s main component is schist, a laminated slate-like rock.

Wine

Due to its south-facing exposure, its perfect altitude for ripening grapes and an ideal position by the Douro River, this vineyard produces full-bodied wines that are rich and very complex.  The floral characteristics are of eucalyptus and mint with soft violet overtones when young.  With 36% of the vineyard being Touriga Franca, the wines have a deep purple-black colour and great depth of fruit with fine violet and floral aromas.  Touriga Nacional makes up 29% of the vineyard, bringing flavours of cassis, mulberry and blackberries.  Therefore with over 64% of the entire vineyard devoted to Touriga Nacional and Touriga Franca, it is not surprising that the Malvedos wines are amongst the very finest that the entire Douro region can produce.  In virtually every year full ripeness is achieved, giving fine Baumé readings and consequently the classic Graham’s richness. This is balanced by well-structured tannins from the Tinta Roriz, and fine body and structure from the Barroca. The rich complexity of the Malvedos wines has been a defining characteristic of the best Graham’s Ports for over 100 years and are the origin of some of the greatest Vintage Ports ever made.

Malvedos wines are at the heart of every Graham's Vintage Port declared, and in the intervening years this property is able to produce a wonderful Quinta Vintage Port.  This is bottled and then laid down to age in Graham's own cellars in Vila Nova de Gaia and not released until ready to enjoy, usually around ten years after harvest. 

Winery

The Malvedos winery has 3 methods of fermentation in one building, making it one of the most versatile wineries in the entire Douro region.  There is but one single-minded objective here – to produce the very finest Port possible.  The Malvedos winery was refurbished in readiness for the 2000 Vintage with the installation of 3 groundbreaking robotic lagares and 2 plunger fermentation tanks.  There are also 3 original granite lagares from 1890 that are also used.  During harvest the adega receives grapes from both Malvedos and nearby Quinta do Tua.  In 2010 Quinta dos Malvedos produced 298 pipes of must, which is equivalent to approximately 23,026 9-litre cases of Port.

Quinta and Vineyards

The house at Malvedos has one of the finest locations of all Douro quintas, with a breath-taking view of the Douro from the tranquility of the veranda.  Just to the east of the house are the famous Port Arthur stone walled terraces, so called as their shape was reminiscent of a heavily fortified city of that name which was in the news in the years just after the quinta was acquired.  They are among the most striking and best preserved in the Douro, with beautiful integral stairways; superb examples of the stone mason's art. 

Of this 108 hectare property, 70 hectares are under vine, and the balance is a combination of citrus and olive groves and wilderness.  Over one-third of the vines are Touriga Franca, and almost 30% Touriga Nacional.  he average age of the vines ranges from 20 years for the ‘modern’ terraces to well over 45 years for some of the older walled terraces.   The entire property is A-rated, the highest possible quality designation.  Almost the entire quinta is planted in single-variety blocks, making it possible to vinify each variety separately, and the grapes are picked entirely by hand.

Built in 1834, Quinta do Tua belonged to Dona Antónia Adelaide Ferreira and then Cockburn's, before the Symington family bought it in 2006 for Graham's.  The quinta has a charming house looking across the mouth of the Tua River towards Quinta dos Malvedos, and some of the finest and most well-preserved stone walled terraces in the region.

Terroir

Quinta do Tua is situated on the east bank of the Tua River where this tributary joins the Douro river.  The old stone walled terraces behind the house face southwest, but the majority of the vineyard faces full south over the Douro River and together with the consistent climate in this part of the valley results in the production of fully ripened grapes and very high quality wines in most years.  The soil’s main component is schist, a laminated slate-like rock. 

Wine

Given the extremely old vines on the property and correspondingly low yields the Ports produced have a fine degree of aromatic concentration and tannic structure, ideal for producing classic Vintage Ports.

The wines are used in the making of Graham's Ports, and occasionally, in good but undeclared years, a Quinta do Tua Vintage Port has been bottled.

Winery

The grapes from Quinta do Tua are vinified at nearby Quinta dos Malvedos, in modern lagares. In 2010 the Quinta produced 56 pipes (1 pipe = 750 Kg) of must, totalling about 4,327 9-litre cases of Port.  Tua's own winery is used for the vinification of grapes bought in from small farmers in the surrounding area, many of whom have been supplying grapes to Graham's for years, and even generations.

Quinta and Vineyards

The house at Quinta do Tua has an unusual place in the history of the Douro:  Dona Antónia Adelaide Ferreira used it as a staging post in her travels to and from her properties further east in the Douro Superior, and also very graciously allowed other travellers to use the property for the same purpose, so much so, it became known as the Quinta dos Inglezes. The first experimental vineyard at Tua was planted in 1930, and research projects included some of the first single-variety plantings in the Douro.  In 1973 the adjacent Quinta da Chousa was acquired and since then both properties have been managed as a single property.  In 2006 this great vineyard was acquired by the Symington family for Graham’s.

The quinta encompasses a total area of 108 hectares, with almost 29 under vine, between altitudes of 150 to 350 metres.  The vineyard behind the house was constructed in the 1890's and features monumental stone walls over a metre wide and.  All of the property is A-rated, the highest possible quality designation. Much of the rest of the property is old terraced vineyard that was converted to olive production after phylloxera. 

All grapes are picked by hand.

A total of 9.45 ha were re-planted in 2008. Of these new plantings, 13% is Tinta Amarela, producing scented, fragrant wines with soft sweet flavours and good acidic balance. The balance is split 50/50 between Touriga Nacional and Touriga Franca.  In 2011/2012 another major re-planting has been completed, 5 hectares again split between Touriga Nacional and Touriga Franca.

A supplier of top quality grapes to W & J Graham’s for over a century and one of the largest and finest properties in the Rio Torto valley, Quinta das Lages has been leased for 25 years for Graham’s and is managed by the Symington family.

Terroir

Quinta das Lages is situated on the left bank of the Rio Torto, opposite Quinta da Perdiz.  Altitude varies between 120m – 400m, and the property is largely north facing, with some parts facing south east; both the altitude and the aspect are distinct advantages in this intensely hot valley.  The Rio Torto valley has for generations been recognised for producing some of the greatest Vintage Ports of the entire Douro region.  The valley has a unique microclimate with slightly later ripening and slower maturations than the river quintas, and is renowned for aromatic and well balanced fruit.  The soil’s main component is schist, a laminated slate-like rock.

Wine

The Lages Ports are renowned for their elegant complexity, concentration and violet aromas. The specific Rio Torto micro-climate, combined with the high percentage of old vines gives very low yields which produce very intense wines.  The large altitude variation of the vineyard results in very finely balanced wines and this is evident even in the young Port when still in cask.  The Lages wines age particularly well, the violet aromas evolving into fine cinnamon overtones and the tannins softening.

The wines are vinified in robotic lagares.  In 2010 the Quinta produced 337 pipes of must, which is equivalent to approximately 26,039 9-litre cases of Port.

Quinta and Vineyards

Of its total 71 hectares, 44 are under vine, including 3.7 hectares of organic vineyard that produce about 19 pipes of organic Port.  Graham’s viticultural team are conducting research into vineyard management techniques within the organic regime.  Nearly half the vineyard is Old Vines with an average age of 30 years.  The entire property is A-rated, the highest quality designation in the region.  All grapes are picked by hand.

Quinta da Vila Velha is owned privately by a member of the Symington family and the grapes are used by Graham’s for some of their finest Ports.

Terroir

Vila Velha is situated on the river Douro, approximately half-way between Pinhão and Tua.  Situated on the south bank on an S-curve in the river, the vineyard actually faces predominately west.  As the gradient is reasonably gentle (for the Douro) most of the vineyard receives the full benefit of the late afternoon and evening sun. The main vineyard area is situated at an ideal altitude (below 250 metres) that defines the classic river Quintas of the Douro.  The consistent climate in this part of the valley results in very high quality wines produced in most years.  The soil’s main component is schist, a laminated slate-like rock.

Just over 53 hectares of this 141 hectare property are under vine.  There is an extensive olive plantation and vast areas of natural vegetation.

Wine

This vineyard produces wines with a uniquely rich style; they are characterised by intense purple black colours when young, a direct result of the low yields in these vineyards and the high percentage of Touriga Franca planted on this estate. The western facing aspect of the main vineyard brings the full benefit of the afternoon sun, resulting in very ripe fruit and consequently excellent Baumés and soft ripe skins. The Vila Velha Ports have particularly lifted aromas of esteva (rock rose) and violets. The taste is characterised by very good tannins balanced with intense red fruit and black chocolate flavours. The finish is complex and long.

Vinification is carried out in robotic lagares, and the Vila Velha ports are an important part of the blend in Graham’s finest wines.  In 2010 the Quinta produced 399 pipes of must, which is equivalent to approximately 30,830 9 litre cases of Port.

Quinta and Vineyards

• Vila Velha has a high percentage of old vines:  14% over 30 years old; 23% from the 1980s; 43% from the 1990s; 14% planted between 2002-2006 and 5% planted in 2008
• All of the property is A-rated the highest possible quality designation
• All grapes are picked by hand

Dow’s was one of the first Port companies to recognise the importance of vineyard ownership in the Douro.  Quinta do Bomfim, one of the finest properties in the Upper Douro, was acquired by the company in 1896 and is the oldest quinta in continuous ownership.  Located on the river at Pinhão, it is widely recognised as one of the finest properties in the Upper Douro.

Terroir

Quinta do Bomfim is situated in the heart of the Douro winegrowing region, just east of Pinhão on the north bank of the river Douro.  It has a classic riverside location, with south facing vineyards, ensuring prolonged exposure to the sun.  This results in excellent ripening of the grapes during the growing season, essential to the production of first-class Port.  The altitude of the estate ranges from 100 metres on the river front up to 340 metres. The property’s location offers the perfect balance between the harsh extremes of the eastern end of the valley and the overly rich soils and abundant rainfall of the lower Douro. The consistent climate in this part of the valley results in full ripening and very high quality wines produced in most years. The 15 year annual average rainfall at the Quinta is 788mm. The soil is pure rocky schist giving excellent drainage with an unusually gentle gradient in the lower part of the vineyard.

Wine

When young, Bomfim ports are purple-black, austere, complex and intensely concentrated; they are charecterised by very fine peppery tannins.  Over the centuries, the winemakers at Bomfim have evolved a style that suits this particular vineyard: fermentations are a little longer, resulting in a drier Port wine that has become the hallmark of Dow’s. The grapes are normally extremely ripe at the time of picking, a direct result of the low-lying position of the main vineyard. Spice and pepper balance the black chocolate flavours and these are very evident in all the quinta's ports. Abundant fruit flavours with hints of maple, raisins and ripe blackberries give elegance and poise to this wine. The very high percentage of Touriga Franca (30%) and Touriga Nacional (21%) planted on the estate result in the powerful aromas of mint and violets in the finest Ports from Bomfim.  Souzão (5%) contributes an exotic note and fine acidity. The old vines (14%) first planted by Maurice, John and Ron Symington in the mid 1920’s bring a fabulous complexity to the Port wines made at Bomfim.

Quinta do Bomfim's wines are at the heart of every Dow's Vintage Port declared.  In intervening years, we are able to make fine Quinta Vintage Ports, which we bottle and then age in our own cellars in Vila Nova de Gaia before releasing to market, ready to be enjoyed, typically around 10 years after harvest.

Winery

Quinta do Bomfim's winery features 11 stainless steel fermenters and 25 concrete/epoxy-lined fermenters, all with temperature control.  Selected batches of grapes are made in robotic lagares at other nearby Symington wineries.  In addition, Bomfim also vinifies the grapes bought in from local farmers from the surrounding valleys, many of whom have sold their grapes to Dow's for years, if not generations.  In 2010 the Quinta produced 344 pipes of must, which is equivalent to approximately 26,580 9-litre cases of Port.

Quinta and Vineyards

The Quinta encompasses nearly 61 hectares, of which almost 49 are under vine.  50% of the vineyards are dedicated to the two main Douro varieties, Touriga Nacional and Touriga Franca.  The Vinha Velha (14% of the vineyard) is between 30 to 40 years of age, 66% of Bomfim was last re-planted in the 1980s, 13% in 1999, and most recently 9% in 2006.  All of the property is A-rated, the highest possible quality designation.  Virtually the entire Quinta is now planted in varietal blocks, allowing each variety to be picked and vinified separately.  All grapes are picked by hand.

Terroir

The property is situated in the Douro Superior, the most easterly, hottest and driest sub region of the Douro valley, on the north bank directly opposite the legendary Quinta do Vesuvio.  The vineyard aspect is primarily south facing.  The Douro Superior has a continental climate marked by extremes, with hot dry summers and very cold and dry winters.  The 10 year annual average rainfall for the area is 448mm. The soil’s main component is schist, a laminated slate-like rock.

Wine

The very hot climate through the Summer at this vineyard results in highly complex and concentrated wines but very low yields.  Colours of the musts in the fermentation tanks are always purple-black due to the very high skin to juice ratio.  The old vines add further to the intensity of the wine as they make up a very large percentage of the vineyard. The resulting wine can be described as being the essence of Vintage Port, with powerful wild red-fruit flavours, leading into rich black chocolate notes, the whole balanced by complex, attractive and peppery tannins.

Winery

Senhora da Ribeira has one of the most advanced small specialist wineries in the Upper Douro, containing 7 original granite lagares for foot treading and 3 robotic lagares designed by the Symington family and installed in 2001.  Both are used during the harvest.  Farmers in the surrounding valleys who have been supplying Dow's for years also bring their grapes for vinification at the Quinta. In 2009 the Quinta produced 94 pipes of must, which is equivalent to approximately 7,180 9-litre cases of Port.

Quinta and Vineyards

Quinta da Senhora da Ribeira is located in one of the most beautiful and remote locations of the Upper Douro.  The Quinta is situated on the north bank of the river Douro, where there is an ancient river crossing that dates back to pre-Roman times.  This crossing is located half-way between the two 12th century hilltop castles of Numão and Lavandeira, built to guard this place.  Travellers would stop at the Quinta's small chapel to pray to the Senhora da Ribeira (The Lady of the River) for a safe crossing and onward journey, hence the name of the Quinta.

• Together with Quinta do Bomfim, Quinta da Senhora da Ribeira defines Dow’s Vintage style in declared years.  In intervening years the Quinta also produces one of the Douro’s finest Quinta Vintage Ports, which is released En Primeur.
• Touriga Nacional accounts for one-third of the vineyard
• Average age of vines:  19% of the vines are at Senhora da Ribeira are 29 years old or older. These old vines are incredibly low yielding, in most years producing less than 1 Kg of grapes each, and produce intense and concentrated musts which are ideal for classic Vintage Port. The remainder are 22% from 2001, 35% from 2004 and 24% from 2009  
• All of the property is A-rated, the highest possible quality designation and virtually the entire Quinta is now planted in varietal batches, allowing each variety to be picked and subsequently vinified separately.  All grapes are picked by hand.

Warre's Quinta da Cavadinha is one of the finest vineyards in the Pinhão valley, one of the Upper Douro's finest Port-growing regions.The Quinta was bought by the company in 1980.

Terroir

The property is located in the heart of the Pinhão valley and the main vineyard is situated in a gentle bowl 150 metres above sea level, formed by a sharp bend in the Pinhão river. The terraced vineyard rises very steeply to an altitude of 250 metres. The house and winery overlook the vineyard from the highest point of the Quinta. The vineyard aspect is south-east and east.  The vineyard has a relatively cooler climate and an average rainfall of 1,056 mm per annum.  The soil's main component is schist, a laminated slate-like rock.

Wine

The the south easterly aspect and higher altitude of this quinta result in a late ripening cycle at this estate, which dictates the style of Cavadinha Ports:  they are fresh, elegant and have very fine aromas.  Old vines make up a very high proportion of the vineyard, consequently these wines are dark and concentrated, as are the wines from the lower vineyards that border the Pinhão River. The wines from the higher terraces just below the winery are less concentrated but very fresh and have superb aromas of tea-rose and violets.  With age, the Cavadinha wines develop even more elegance and balance; the nose can give aromas of very fine old burgundy after some years in bottle.

The Cavadinha wines are at the heart of Warre's Vintage Ports, and in the years between declarations often produce a fine Quinta Vintage Port, which is bottled and then held for aging in Warre's own cellars in Vila Nova de Gaia.  The Quinta Vintage Ports are generally released for sale around ten years after harvest.

Winery

Quinta da Cavadinha’s new state-of-the-art winery was inaugurated for the 2003 harvest.  Equipped with six robotic lagares, and three plunger tanks, it is now one of the most advanced small specialist wineries in the Upper Douro.  Farmers in the surrounding valleys who have been supplying Warre's for years also bring their grapes for vinification at the Quinta.  In 2010 the Quinta produced 240 pipes of must, which is equivalent to 18,550 cases of 9 litres.

Quinta and Vineyards

All of the property is “A-rated”, the highest possible quality designation and virtually the entire Quinta is now planted in varietal batches, allowing each variety to be picked and subsequently vinified separately.  All grapes are picked by hand.

30% of the vineyards at Cavadinha are ‘Vinha Velha' or old mixed plantings over 30 years old. These old vines are incredibly low yielding (in most years producing less than 1 Kg of grapes each) and produce intense and concentrated musts which are ideal for classic Vintage Port.

Warre’s is a leader in viticultural research and development in the Douro Region.  The experimental 2.5 ha vineyard at Cavadinha is dedicated solely to research into clonal selection and allows direct comparison, under identical viticultural conditions, of different grape varieties, rootstocks and the interaction between them.

Located in the famous Rio Torto Valley, Quinta do Retiro Antigo has been an integral part of Warre's greatest Vintage Ports since 1935, when the Serôdio family purchased the estate and began selling the grapes to Andrew James Symington.  Nearly a century later, the Symingtons have acquired this vineyard from the family and several of the Serôdios hold key positions within Warre's and Symington Family Estates.

Terroir

The Rio Torto Valley has long been recognised as a source for some of the finest grapes in the Douro, due to its unique microclimate.  In the summer months temperatures at the base of the valley can rise as high as 40ºC in the shade which, in the near windless conditions of this narrow twisted valley, results in excellent maturity and concentrated flavours and sugars in the grapes at the time of harvest.  The Valley produces intense Ports with finesse and structure.  The soil’s main component is schist, a laminated slate-like rock.

Wine

With some of the oldest vineyards in the Douro Valley planted on some of the narrowest stone terraces ever built in the region, the Ports from this estate have all the characteristics of the great wines of the 19th and early 20th centuries.  Yields are incredibly low, a direct result of the fact that 73% of the vineyard is planted on early 19th century terraces.  When young these wines have great intensity of colour showing ebony black in the centre of the glass, softening to deep red on the rim.  The nose shows the best of the famous Rio Torto wines, with violets and mint, while the flavours are concentrated and complex.  Tannins are powerful and the wines have a very good acidity that contributes to the long aging potential of the Retiro wines.

Traditionally the Retiro Ports have been made in the 5 stone lagares at the Quinta.  However, since 2007 the grapes have been vinified in the robotic lagares at Quinta da Cavadinha.  In 2010 Quinta do Retiro Antigo produced 86 pipes of must, which is equivalent to approximately 6,645 9-litre cases of Port.

Quinta and Vineyards

There is a remarkable story associated with this fine estate: In 1935 the Quinta was purchased by José Augusto Serôdio a well-respected vineyard owner.  In that same year he sold the wine from the estate to his old friend Andrew James Symington with whom he had worked since the end of the 19th century.  The friendship between the families was such that in the late 1940’s, when the Port trade was at its lowest ebb and when many family companies closed or were sold, José signed over substantial stocks of his best Ports to the Symington family with a hand shake and the words ‘pay me when things are better’.  It is rare in today’s competitive world to note such a level of trust. Many years later, three members of the Serôdio family have joined the Symingtons and work in key positions in the production of Warre’s Port.  For over 70 years the wines from this very fine property have been used to make some of Warre’s greatest Ports.  In 2006 the Symington family acquired this vineyard from the Serôdio family.

Almost three quarters of the vines are very old (50 years or more) and these are planted on narrow stone terraces that can be seen from the main road through the valley.  These are some of the most photographed vineyards in the entire Douro, as the 18th century terraces are of outstanding beauty, many planted with just one row of vines. The yields are very low, but the intensity and concentration of the wines are quite simply outstanding.  These wines have always been an important component of Warre’s Vintage Ports.

The entire property is A-rated, the highest possible quality designation.  The majority of the quinta is now planted in single variety blocks, allowing each variety to be picked and vinified separately.  All grapes are picked by hand.

The Quinta da Telhada vineyard was acquired by Cockburn’s in 1980 and was planted in 1986.  In 2006 the property was acquired by the Symington family for Warre’s.

Terroir

The Quinta is located in the heart of the Douro Superior, the eastern most section of the DOC region.  This area has a continental climate characterised by extremes, with hot dry summers and very cold and dry winters. The 10 year annual average rainfall for the area is 400mm, just one third of the typical rainfall at Quinta da Cavadinha. The soil’s main component is schist, a laminated slate-like rock.

Wine

The grapes from Telhada are normally vinified by individual variety, and reflect the best characteristics of those varieties.  The Touriga Nacional from Telhada hás very fine tannins with pronounced blackcurrent aromas and chocolate undertones.  Climatic and soil conditions allow the Touriga Franca fruit to develop its full maturity and potential, with splendid dark wines showing strong berry and floral aromas.  The wines from Telhada have concentrated flavour, deep colour and an intense tannic backbone.  The grapes are vinified at the nearby Quinta da Senhora da Ribeira winery, which is equipped with both robotic and traditional stone lagares.

Quinta and Vineyards

Quinta da Telhada is one of the most remote vineyards in the Douro, located on an isolated stretch of the river just 25 km from the Spanish border.  The modern soil-banked terraces are situated on a gentle slope rising up from the north bank of the river, with full southern exposure. 

• Entire vineyard is block planted, so grapes can be vinified by variety
• Almost 50% Touriga Nacional
• The vines have an average age of 20 years
• In 2009 the property produced 97 pipes of must (1 pipe = 750 Kg), making approximately 7,400 9 litre cases of Port
• All of the property is “A-rated”, the highest possible quality designation
• All grapes are picked by hand

Quinta dos Canais is one of the largest and most beautiful properties in the Douro Superior.  The Quinta’s name derives from a remarkable system of stone water channels (canais in Portuguese) built in the 19th century to convey the water from the striking Sibio waterfall, which cascades down a massive stone rock face on the steep west hillside of the estate, down to the Quinta’s orange and olive groves.  Canais produces some of the Douro’s finest wines and has formed the mainstay of Cockburn’s Vintage Ports for nearly a century.

Terroir

Quinta dos Canais, situated on the North bank of the Douro, is one of the largest (261 hectare/ 645 acres) south facing properties in the Douro Superior.  While the undulations of the hills create a range of micro-climates and exposures from east to west, the vineyard’s predominantly south-facing aspect allows for long exposure to the sun, which is crucial to the perfect ripening of the grapes.  The altitude of the vineyard ranges from 110 meters close to the level of the river, up to 345 metres. 

Wine

The predominantly south facing exposure of Quinta dos Canais produces grapes with a high degree of maturation.  Touriga Nacional and Touriga Franca together make up nearly 60% of all vineyard planting at Canais.  These two varieties, the Douro’s finest, largely determine the style of Canais wines.  The high level of maturation almost always achieved at the property produces Touriga Nacional and Touriga Franca wines at their best with typical floral aromas combined with esteva (gum-cistus). The wines are very full bodied with fresh acidity and a characteristic dry finish of great length.

Winery

The magnificent grapes of Quinta de Canais are vinified in lagares, where the system of treading the grapes ensures that the natural colour and flavours are gently and very effectively extracted from the skins, resulting in wines of exceptional quality.

Quinta and Vineyards

Many of the vineyards were re-planted in the early 1980’s in single variety blocks, with careful siting of each variety in ideal locations.  These vines are now fully mature at an average age over 20 years and producing wonderful wines.  The principal grape variety planted is the Touriga Nacional (30.5%).  Cockburn’s was partially responsible for the safeguarding of this Portuguese indigenous variety in the 1970’s and 1980’s.  The entire property is A-rated, the highest possible quality designation.  The quinta is planted in single-variety parcels allowing each variety to be picked and vinified separately.  All grapes are picked by hand.